MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING A TALE OF TWO COUNTRIES PART II a

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

AUSTRALIA

The Earliest occupants of Australia we can establish, were the Aboriginal people. They lived a nomadic existence, with no settled towns or villages,some customary places for rituals, some rock art, stone axes and arrow and spear heads and dug-out canoes.Accommodation was bark lean-tos. There was no "Government" in any civilised sense and no clothing except loin coverings at times -bark or hides,and hides used for warmth.There was no farming or grazing. Hunting and gathering was the rule and prevented any significant advance in their society, in this generally harsh environment. Upon  their first contacts  with Europeans , arriving in their sailing ships, they are said to have regarded the ships as something like birds, and their strange , pale occupants as either spirits or "gods" of some sort. In time, they came to value some of the possessions of these creatures , especially those for which they had a use - knives, axes.and the like. 

The numbers of Aboriginal people at the time of European arrival can never be known , but the general consensus seems to be that there might have several hundred thousand over the entire continent. But if that were so, one might have expected very much more extensive contact than actually occurred.

European exploration could have begun as early as the 1500s. In 1515 the Portugese arrived in Timor and in 1515 Portugese Dominican Friars established  a mission there. 

Timor is only 610 Kilometres from Australia. It beggars belief that having come around the mighty coast of Africa and across the Indian Ocean, they would not have tried to reach the fabled "Great South Land of The Holy Spirit" their maps conjectured must exist -just to balance up the Globe! 

There was a complicating factor to consider before talking about any such activity :the Treaty of Zaragoza complementing the Treaty of Tordesillas,  in dividing up the world between Catholic Spain and Catholic Portugal , by the Bull of Pope Alexander VI with demarcation lines passing through the Pacific and part of Australia, and the Atlantic respectively. Whilst Timor was just in the Portugese sphere of influence, the most fertile and attractive part of Australia as it was to become known, was in the Spanish sphere. It would not have been in the relative interests of Portugal to make known anything it had discovered in the "Spanish sphere of influence."

The great fire and tsunami which destroyed the Royal Library of Portugal in Lisbon on All Souls Day 1755 - following a massive Earthquake -   destroyed any records of such exploration which we might have hoped to find. The only possible clue is the wreck of a "mahogany ship" which is reputed to appear and disappear in shifting sands in Armstrong Bay in South Western Victoria. Despite three Symposia on the subject, no conclusion has been reached.

Then, the Protestants got the idea that they would make an effort to find this "Terra Australis".

Willem Janzsoon

The first of these folk seems to have been a Dutchman Willem Janzsoon who, in the ship DUYFKEN of the Dutch East India Company, sailed into the Gulf of Carpentaria in 1606 and made landfall on the Western  Shore of Cape York in what is now the State of Queensland.  This is the first recorded European landfall on the Australian mainland.He charted 320km of the coastline, thinking he was recording the Southern coast of New Guinea.The land was swampy and ten of his men were killed by hostile natives, so he abandoned the unpromising expedition. He returned to Australia in July, 1618 and landed on what is now believed to have been North West Cape of W.A. - he assumed it was an island without attempting to circumnavigate it.

THIS REPLICA OF DUYFKEN IS A REGULAR VISITOR TO AUSTRALIA

Shortly after Janzsoon's landfall in the Gulf of Carpentaria , a Portugese working in the Spanish Navy , Luis Vaz de Torres sailed through the Strait that now bears his name , proving that New Guinea was in fact not connected to Terra Australis.

Dirk Hartog (there are several spellings of both names) (1580-1621) was the next of the Dutchmen. He commanded a Dutch East India Company vessel and in 1616 landed on what is now called Dirk Hartog Island off Shark Bay 800 Kms North of present day Perth W.A. and the most Westerly point of the Australian mainland. Hartog found "nothing of interest"!

Another Dutchman Frederik de Houteman turned up near Perth W.A.in 1619 but nothing came of that. Then in 1628 there occurred a singular and dramatic contact - the Dutch East India Company's brand new ship "BATAVIA" Commanded by Arianen Jacobsz was wrecked on the W.A. Coast on Morning Reef near Beacon Island part of the Houtman Abrolhos. This was a major event which is very well documented in Books, Magazines and even a TV Documentary. Of her 322 Passengers and Crew, 40 were drowned and 282 survived for a time. However a bloody mutiny took place and at least 100 people died in the process.A rescue ship from Batavia was sent out to find BATAVIA . The story gets incredibly complex with further murders, trials, executions and, in the end only 68 people returned to Batavia.

REPLICA OF THE BATAVIA

In 1642 another Dutchman Abel Tasman ( 1603-1659) of the Dutch East India Company discovered Tasmania (the Island State South of the now Australian mainland, as well as New Zealand and Fiji.  He returned on a second voyage in 1644 and named the mainland "New Holland".

Some measure of relief from this flood of Dutchmen was provided in 1688 when the English adventurer William Dampier arrived in King Sound W.A. He had already had quite an interesting life sailing in merchant vessels to Newfoundland and to Java before joining the Royal Navy in 1673. He fought in two battles against the Dutch , but was invalided out after a catastrophic illness. For several years he did various activities in Jamaica and Mexico. But in 1679 he fell in with the Buccaneer Captain Bartholomew Sharp on the Spanish Main of Central America and was involved in a series of piratical activities which resulted in a circumnavigation of the globe. In 1683 a privateer (British licensed Pirate in effect) John Cooke engaged Dampier to round Cape Horn and raid Spanish possessions in Pacific South America . At its peak this successful adventure consisted of ten ships. Cooke died and the Pirate crew elected Captain Charles Swan to take his place in command of the CYGNET which Dampier joined . They sailed on, raiding Spanish possessions in the Asian Pacific area . In 1688 Dampier was commanding a second privateer ship when he anchored in Shark Bay W.A.  After many hazardous adventures , Dampier returned to England with the journals of his goings on and a tattooed slave whom he exhibited on a travelling exhibition whilst his journals were being printed.

WILLIAM DAMPIER

His book " A New Voyage Around the World" was a publishing sensation even attracting Admiralty interest. In 1699 he was given command of H.M.S. ROEBUCK a 26 Gun Frigate and a mission to explore the East Coast of what the Dutch had named New Holland (now Australia). Travelling via the Cape of Good Hope (it was too late in the sailing season to attempt Cape Horn) he returned to Shark Bay in August, 1699.From there he sought to follow the coast North East but ended up North of New Guinea and out into the Bismarck Archipelago of Pacific Islands. ROEBUCK was by now in very poor condition and though he was in fact only 100 Kms from the East Coast of New Holland he was forced to turn back . The ship foundered at Ascension Island in February, 1701. Dampier and his crew were rescued by an East Indiaman and reached England in August, 1701. He was Court Martialled for cruelty to one of his officers and found guilty.   Subsequently he was given another naval command and fought against the Spanish until finishing his service in 1707 . In 1708 he was again engaged as a Privateer  and circumnavigated the globe for a third time, but died in 1715 in substantial debt.

The Dutch were to have one last fling in this direction when, in 1696 - three years before Dampier's last visit to Shark Bay, Willem de Vlamingh visited what is now called Dirk Hartog Island and found the Pewter Plate Hartog had left as a record of his discovery.

We see then, an intense period of exploration from 1606 to 1699 - 93 years of people, mostly Dutch, seeking commercial advantage out of finding and exploiting -if possible - the "Great South Land" all of which came to nothing.
 It is interesting to note that there was never any attempt to take slaves from Australia. (Though we shall later see that there was for a time a cruel trade in importing "Kanaka" supposedly indentured labour from the Pacific Islands.) The absence of any such slave trade seems to reflect two factors - no great numbers of natives in evidence and /or natives thought unlikely to be saleable. I doubt that it was moral virtue on the part of the explorers, as the Dutch were actively involved in the African slave trade at the expense of the Portugese.

But the high point of Dutch maritime and trading influence was reached in the late 1600s. The expanding influence of England and her Royal Navy over time saw the Dutch Empire repeatedly under attack and still later the French assisted in that process. Colonies were lost, re-gained, lost again , re-gained in a bewildering series of wars , treaties and international mayhem. But at the end of it all the vitality of the Dutch Empire was diminished and that of the British Empire was on the rise.

We have seen the trade obsessed Dutch coming to see what the Great South Land had to offer - not much for their tastes! Not even decent slaves. For the Spanish no overly-obvious Gold. Who is up next?

In the ensuing years, the French , arguably builders of the finest and fastest fighting ships of the days of sail, and quite fine sailors,were pre-occupied with domestic political issues. Philosophical considerations arising out of the so-called Enlightenment, fed into civil dissatisfaction arising from years of bad harvests in the mid 1700s and the national financial burdens following the 7 Years War ending in 1763(fought against a Coalition of the British, Prussians and Portugese), and involvement in the American War of Independence against the English. All of this culminated in 1789 in the French Revolution .

Despite all of this turmoil, and more still to come, in the subsequent Napoleonic Revolution , the French did maintain some exploration activity , In 1756 the King - Louis XV -  had despatched de Bougainville to look for the Great South Land. However, after reaching South America and the Falklands, de Bougainville and his crew of 400 Frenchmen found themselves in Tahiti surrounded by hundreds of canoes laden with Polynesian beauties and tarried for a while finally claiming Tahiti for France.  It is believed that he almost encountered the Great Barrier Reef on Australia's East Coast and he turned North to avoid being dashed against the rocks . He ended up in the Pacific Islands, his crew suffering from Scurvy and had to head for safety in Batavia in the Dutch East Indies before heading home.

In 1772 King Louis XV had sent two further exploratory missions , one led by Dufresne who actually did some exploration on Tasmania and had contact with the native people there for a few days. After some of his crew were killed by New Zealand Maori warriors he retreated to Mauritius .  The two ships constituting the second expedition became separated in a severe storm and one returned home, The other, commanded by de St.Alouarn sighted Cape Leeuwin in W.A. and sailed North to Shark Bay of Dutch and Dampier fame. 

The French expeditions were characterised by a distinctly scientific character in their staffing - a fact which has left us a rich fund of journals , charts and illustrated scientific works .

Enter the English

"Perfidious Albion" is the insult often hurled at the English in international affairs. One of the early uses of a similar phrase was by the great French Bishop and Preacher /Theologian Jacques-Benigne Bossuet who referred in a famous sermon to " L'Angleterre, ah, la perfide Angleterre" ("England ah treacherous England"). 

Lieutenant James Cook R.N.
Captain of H.M.Bark Endeavour

(he later achieved the Rank of Captain.)

In the case of the mission of Captain James Cook R.N. and the Bark ENDEAVOUR the description was well-justified. Ostensibly, the mission was intended to observe the transit of Venus from Tahiti . He left in 1768 and arrived in Tahiti after rounding Cape Horn , in 1769.  But he had other orders - he was to find and examine the east Coast of the Great South Land .  Cook was already a renowned Navigator and Cartographer since his youngest days in Canada fighting the French. He found the South East corner of the Australian Continent on 20th April, 1770 and sailed northwards up the East Coast identifying the good harbour of Botany Bay which he named, making the first landfall on 29th April, 1770. He later observed a little to the North, but did not enter, the majestic harbour now known as Sydney Harbour which Cook noted could readily accommodate 100 Ships of the Line at anchor. Far on to the North on the Queensland Coast his ship ran aground , but he got her off, careened her at what is now Cooktown  to effect repairs, then completed his mission via Batavia, and the Cape of Good Hope - a circumnavigation achieved.   The British goal at this stage was not trade, but a military penal settlement on the Great South Land and then to see what would evolve.  Cook's own published report and those of the well-connected Sir Joseph Banks - Botanist and Member of the Royal Society - excited great interest in popular and official circles. American Independence denied England her Penal Colonies in America. Cook's discovery acquired fresh interest  . He was sent on a second mission from 1772-1775 to define the limits of the Great South Land as far as possible. A third mission from 1776 - 1780 completed the task in greater detail but sadly resulted in the death of Captain Cook in Hawaii, after retrieving some valuable instruments stolen by the natives there.

Not only a brilliant Navigator and Cartographer, Captain Cook was a prudent, thorough professional who paid very careful attention to the health of his crews. Only in the last stages of his onerous third voyage can one detect some fraying of his judgement of issues and events under the great strain of years of command at the extremities of the Earth.

H.M.BARK ENDEAVOUR REPLICA

In 1787 Captain Arthur Phillip R.N. and his Fleet of ships containing convicts, soldiers and supplies had set out, and they arrived in Botany Bay in mid January, 1788 to set up a Penal Colony.  Phillip determined that the  better location would be Sydney Cove, now in Sydney Harbour but a severe gale delayed the move until 26th January, 1788 - giving us the annual date of AUSTRALIA DAY.

Early French depictions of Australian Aboriginals were captive to the the popular ideal of "the noble savage"  - the idea that if only there had been no "civilisation" Man would have developed in an ideal social and physical state. It was as unrealistic as the early English paintings in Australia featuring soft Northern Hemisphere light and gentle landscapes

Amazingly here at the end of the world two French ships under the command of La Perouse arrived two days earlier on 24th January. Polite , even good relations developed between the two groups, with exchanges of visits and mutual assistance with supplies. La Perouse did not sail away until 10th March and before he did he committed to the British some of his Journals and Charts which were subsequently published in France. La Perouse and his ships were never seen again. 

The last words attributed to King Louis XVI before he was guillotined in the course of the Revolution were : " Is there any word of M.de La Perouse?" Poignant indeed , within moments of his own cruel death.


The whole pattern of English early settlement in Australia whether on the mainland or in Tasmania or offshore  on the infamous Norfolk Island,  was one of military administration of a Penal Colony.It was left to the few free settlers,  freed convicts and discharged soldiers to pursue and develop trade in their own interests. It would be some time before the "Mother Land" awoke to the trading potential of the "good for nothing but convicts" ,Colony.

In reviewing all of this history, I have come to a new appreciation of the energy and enterprise of the few free, and many more freed convicts who , in their own interests, developed what became Australia. The Dutch and Spanish had no use for it, the English Government saw it fit only as a Penal Colony. The newly-freed men and women saw it as their home (after a time) and cherished the freedom and climate it provided  . No longer the grim misery of class -ridden , gloomy Georgian England but rather the bright sunshine, limitless land, fresh air  and promising prospects beckoned them to try to make a new life, to find  a new way. And, strangely, it was the very efficiency of the British administration that made it all achievable - military security, civil law, and frequent sound Government gave them what they could never achieve at "Home" in England. Those born in Australia came to proudly call themselves "Cabbage Tree Hat Lads" for the hats they wove out of the Cabbage Tree foliage. It was a neat contrast to the English -born "Pommies" - a derogatory term of uncertain origin, but said to have referred to their ruddy complexions (like the pomegranate) .

To come from this unpromising beginning to be the 13th largest economy in the World and the 24th largest Exporting Nation in the World is nothing short of remarkable. 

Australia has become a lucky country , yet she suffers a serious lack of fresh water and an almost total lack of oil. But, unknown to those early explorimg European powers, she concealed vast treasures of gold, silver, copper, zinc, diamonds,coal, natural gas, iron ore, alumina, bauxite, and with careful husbandry the capacity to produce enormous crops of wheat, and other grains,sugar,  fruit and vegetables and to produce vast quantities of very fine wines and dairy products as well as wool from sheep and meat from sheep and cattle, that awaited only the development of refrigerated shipping. More recently that same industry and resourcefulness has made her the educator of hundreds of thousands of students from Asia, and an active participant in international aid programmes and co-operative defense initiatives. It is a continuing and impressive story.

In Part II b. I shall look at the awesome historical background of the other great country - Nigeria - looking for any common factors, similarities and dissimilarities. What , if anything, can be understood from looking at the two countries experience side by side?

MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING A TALE OF TWO COUNTRIES

AUSTRALIA POLITICAL AND TOPOGRAPICAL

Australia -topographical map


Seventh largest Country in the world by Landmass :7,682,300 Sq. miles

Population :56th Largest in the World

22,751,014 July 2015 Est.





NIGERIA   - political map
Thirty Second largest Country in the world by
Landmass 910,768 Sq. miles.


Population  : 8th Largest in the World

181,562,056    July,2015 Est.

NIGERIA POLITICAL

TO BEGIN:  

I have a large number of Friends on Facebook in Nigeria, and of course in my home Country of Australia too.

Our two countries are very different in many ways, yet in some ways they have faced, and do face similar problems, although the sum of the problems of each is very different.

I would ask any readers of this little essay, to bear with me as I try to sketch out some comparative facts, trying to discern in what areas, if any our mutual understanding can be advanced. In this exercise not only physical,human and activity differences will be examined, but also to some extent historical experience and present day circumstances.Bear with me please because, I am not entirely sure where I am going with this.

Fundamental Realities

Australia is, as you see very large and sparsely populated with 2.96 people per sq. mile, but in truth most of these are located much more densely in large coastal capital cities and a larger number of near coastal provincial cities and the whole is located in the South West Pacific Ocean on the East and the Eastern Indian Ocean on the West. It is a country with a maritime perspective and psychology - even when that fact is not widely thought of.

Nigeria is not nearly so large - in fact it is close to the size of the State of New South Wales where I live. But its population density is enormously greater with 199.35 people per sq. mile.But, according to statistics available to me, 68% of Nigeria's population lives in "Rural" areas, including towns with a population of 100,000 or less
On the other Hand 15.1 % 0f the urban population lives in Lagos City. 
That leaves                84.9% 0f the urban population  living in provincial cities                                        and it seems that only three of these ( Kano, Ibadan and                                          Abuja (the Capital) exceed 3,000,000 with a total                                                      population of 9,826,068 between them. 
                                       They are followed by 7 Cities of more than 1,000,000                                                (for a total of  17,673,140), and   
                                       62 cities between 100,000 and 900,000 population( for                                          a total of   15,561,046 between them).  

Gasp! Already the figures are, to me, mind-boggling. 

But, let us see: that makes in total an urban population of 58,160,254 or 32% of the national population.

This means that 123,401,802 people live in Rural areas in Towns under 100,000 and in villages and they constitute 68% of the population.

 (Just to get back to our comparisons, that is far more than five times the total population of Australia.)   

Geographically, Nigeria is in West Africa with an Atlantic coastline on the Southern Coast of West Africa in the Gulf of Guinea. It shares land borders with Benin to the West, Niger to the North West and North, Chad to the North East and Cameroon to the East.   

So we see immense differences in consequence of population density, and geographical location.

Yet, even in these differences some elements of similarity can be noticed, Both Counties suffer large areas of inhospitable land. In Northern Nigeria there is the problem of large areas of the Sahara desert intruding - and that reportedly expanding. In Australia the greater part of the Country is inhospitable desertified by the lack of reliable ,or any, water supply.

Geographically, Nigeria's land borders are a source of trouble from overland intruders, even though its relations with the cross border nations are not actively hostile.   Australia's situation is not as isolated as one might think, and the relative proximity of the mainly Mohammedan Indonesia with its hundreds of islands and its hostile takeover of half of New Guinea to our North is a source of intermittent trouble - mainly through the Indonesian laxity (corruption) in allowing illegal immigrants ("boat people"

mainly from the Middle East -Mohammedans) to pass on toward Australia. This has been stopped by firm Australian Naval patrols.Our relations with Pacific Island States are generally good because of our foreign aid grants. Our Next door neighbour to the East is New Zealand with which we have generally good relations and strong sporting rivalry. 

Economic Activity

Australia is rated 12th or 13th in the World by GDP measured in USD Dollars depending on which list you choose, based on figures varying between 1.223 Billions and 1.471 Billions depending on the reference dates- always complex in these matters.Nigeria is ranked between 22nd and 24th on the same basis on amounts varying from 493 Billions to 568.499 Billions.

Obviously on a GDP per Capita basis, Australia will fare much better than Nigeria.For Australia the ranking is between 10th and 16th in the world         based on amounts of USD 45,926 through to  USD 65,400  again depending on the date chosen, but also exchange rate variation and major commodity prices. Nigeria ranks between 121 and 129 based on amounts of USD 5,911 and USD 6,400 again depending on dates chosen and exchange rates and major commodity prices.

In international trade Australia is ranked in USD  24th in the World for Exports at USD 191.2 Billions. Nigeria is ranked    40th at USD 93.010 Billions.

In international trade Australia is ranked 20th for imports at USD 245.9 Billions ( based on 2014 Est figures). Nigeria is ranked 50th at USD 54.6 Billions (But this is based on 2012 Est Figures)

The value of Australian Exports FELL by AUD 318.7 billions in 2014 whilst actual volumes INCREASED by 6.6 per cent . This was mainly due to declining values for minerals and fuels exported down 13.8% ( a large fall) but greatly offset by rising values in rural, manufactures, other goods and services especially - thus cutting the overall decline in values to only 3.8 %.

It is noted that unprocessed Minerals  accounted for 28.2 % of export AUD values , their AUD value having declined 21 percent in the year 2014/15.Fuels accounted for 18.1 % of the AUD Export values despite  an 8.6 % decline in AUD values in 2014/15.

 The value of Australian Imports in AUD actually INCREASED by 0.7 % while volumes INCREASED by only 0.1% - so we see adverse currency values at work.

It is noted that Nigerian Exports consist of Crude Petroleum : 74.3% of the Total and Petroleum Gas : 13.3% of the Total , the two energy commodities totalling  a massive 87.65% 0f the Total Exports.

OVERALL TRADE PERSPECTIVE

We see both Countries are significantly dependent on commodity Export earnings. But in the case of Nigeria the dependency on only two fuel commodities is at an extremely vulnerable level of 87.65%. On the other hand, in the event of a marked turnaround in global economic activity, Nigeria should reap a rapid unearned improvement in income from these same exports.There seems no great hope of that in the immediate future.

In the case of Australia, a broader spread of Export types has led to greater resilience in handling a very difficult decline in minerals and fuel Sales and values.Likewise a marked turnaround in global economic activity would rapidly deliver a huge unearned improvement in income from these same exports.

DEBT

We should consider this factor which restrains Government policy and National potential from the National Accounts aspect and then the International aspect. This is easier for me regarding Australia where I am more familiar with accessing the official figures which appear at regular intervals on a consistent basis.

The National Accounts figures are of interest on two bases :

in absolute numbers,and

in relation to the GDP.

AUSTRALIA : DEBT - ABSOLUTE NUMBERS;

At 22nd January 2016 : 405.988 AUD BILLIONS 
                                 (2010 : 147.122 AUD BILLIONS)

                            : DEBT - PERCENTAGE OF GDP    
                              In 2015                               36.8%
                                    2010                              2o.5%  

Comment

The Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 can be quickly seen to have had a strong adverse effect on the Australian National Debt situation as the Federal Governments of the day borrowed heavily to sustain economic activity. Radically different views are held about the wisdom of the level of the borrowings and the purposes on which the funds were spent.

From 2007 to 2013 Australia had Labor Governments under Prime Ministers Rudd to 2010 Gillard to to 2011 and again Rudd to 2013. The effect on the debt absolutely and as a percentage of GDP is obvious. Since 2013 Liberal/National Party Governments have been in power., under Abbott to 2015 and now Turnbull at least until 2nd July,2016 Federal Election. The returning Conservative Government has found it difficult to correct the situation in view of policies committed to funding in the Labor years, and the marked collapse in Export revenues. 

NIGERIA              National Debt         Absolute Numbers


2015                      USD     $56.74 Billions

2010                                     $26.273Billions 

                                   National Debt         As a Percentage of GDP

2015                                        10.19 %

2010                                         15.04%


I am far less confident in the above Nigerian figures since I have had to collect them from  varying sources - all respectable in themselves but lacking consistency in approach.   However, it does seem that from the period when Pres .Goodluck Jonathan assumed office in 2010 from U.M. Yar'Adua (2007-2010), until he handed over to Pres.Buhari in 2015, although the National Debt rose markedly, it was responsibly done in terms of GDP relationship which declined to historical lows. Since the Buhari administration has taken over, it appears GDP has collapsed and debt in Absolute Numbers has increased as the economy has collapsed, so that Debt to GDP can be expected to have soared once again.


FOREIGN DEBT

Australia              Foreign Debt              In Absolute   Amounts

  Mar. 2016                             AUD $1,012,100,000,000 (GDP is
             2015                             AUD $1,620,000,000,000

Comment
This enormous sum is owed approximately 25% by Australian Governments Federal and State , and 75% by public and private companies. Most of it Government and corporate is denominated in Australian Dollars - minimising any foreign currency exchange risk. In addition , most of the debt is very long term, minimising the repayment burden. Finally, due to huge and continually growing Superannuation investment , Australia has greater investments in foreign assets than foreigners have invested here - this is a reversal of remote historic trends. In effect, much of this foreign debt at low interest rates has been used to invest overseas at very good rates of return.


    Nigeria                 Foreign Debt                 In Absolute Amounts  

2015                                          USD        9,700,000,000     (GDP is
                                                    USD  492.986,000,000   


Comment  
The vastly healthier Nigerian position, reflects the conservative stance of the Johnathan Government, and the different historical necessities imposed by Australia's more advanced economy over a long period of time and its very heavy defence commitments in actual Wars in support of our Allies , in extensive defence re-equipping and in very heavy foreign aid to neighbouring Asian and Pacific Island States. The Nigerian situation would be the great envy of the Australian Federal Treasury.

FOREIGN RESERVES

Australia                USD $ 49,264,000,000   MAR 2016    Rank 37th  

Nigeria                    USD $ 26,500,000,000   MAY 2016     Rank 50th


Comment

Given Nigeria's relatively smaller GDP it has performed far better in retaining Foreign Reserves at the level it has, and this again seems to be a reflection of the conservatism shown in Foreign Debt obligations compared to the Australian approach, again because of differing imperatives.


SO FAR

On a very , very storm tossed day I have worked on this to this point. I have also made a good start on the Historical Background - but I have decided to make that Part II.    

I have even refrained from summarising the above, though I am tempted to do so.  But I am hopeful of some feedback that might make that summarisation more accurate and meaningful and useful to someone, somehow.  or have I laboured in vain?
  

ALL THE CROWNED HEADS OF EUROPE AND 10,000,000 PEOPLE

ELSIE GEORGINA BECKMANN victim of anti-German prejudice Born 28th May, 1905

All the Crowned Heads of Europe were still in place as they had been for centuries, with only occasional disturbances, Hansom Cabs still clip-clopped about the streets of Sydney, and 10,000,000 people lived and loved who never guessed that the War to End All Wars, the Great War would ,within a few years , propel them violently into eternity,that  Sunday, 28th May , 1905 when my dear Mum was born. That was 111 years ago.

AT AGE  24 YRS

She grew to be a beautiful young lady, saw the tough lives of her parents, the effects of WW I and anti-German prejudice. She married had two sons saw the effects of WW II , experienced the post War recovery, and suffered a great amount of illness exacerbated by bad medical treatment. She went to her reward at age 66, comforted and prepared by the Last Rites of the Catholic Church. 

By returning to the Faith of her distant ancestors, she had rejoined the Vine from which they had been torn by Law and persecution during the Protestant Deformation in England and Germany hundreds of years before. Thank God she did.

You saw only one ( baby Marianne) of your three Grandchildren and none of your seven Great Grandchildren - but not one of us would be here without you and your attraction to Jack Dixon's "kind eyes"!

I love you always dear Mum and pray for the repose of your soul still, for time means nothing in Eternity.

PULL UP YOUR SOCK DAD!

JOHN JOSEPH DIXON (L of Photo) around 1911
WITH HIS MOTHER        & ALBERT (R)
AND BABY BROTHER BILL WHOM DAD GREATLY ADMIRED

To-day ,Wednesday 11th May, 2016 is the Twenty Fourth Anniversary of my Father's death just three weeks short of his 85th Birthday. He survived the death of my Mother by almost 21 years .

Sent to work at age 11 years in a metal foundry, he had a pretty tough life.

HERE, IN 1927 DAD LOOKS LIKE THE TYPICAL YOUNG BANKER OR CIVIL SERVANT
WHICH HE WAS NOT, HE ALWAYS WORKED IN BLUE COLLAR OCCUPATIONS

His life experience together with his local social network, made him a lifelong Labor Party voter. He persevered in this even after he said he was convinced that the Labor Party was riddled with Communists whom he despised - he just could not bring himself to desert the "working class party". And in fact he did see the world and the nation in those Victorian era Class terms.

My Dad was born a Catholic and educated in a Convent School, but for long periods did not practise his religion. Yet when his "kind eyes"won the heart of Miss Elsie Georgina Beckmann a petite and beautiful,modest girl from a devout Evangelical Protestant family , he required that they be properly married in the Catholic Church. Miss Beckmann was instructed in the Faith and duly became a Catholic, and they were married in 1927.

To-day's cynicism might suggest that he was being hypocritical. But in those days people were honest about doing wrong  - he knew it was wrong not to practise his religion, but he also knew that there are absolutes of such importance that you don't abuse them : he would not betray his Religion, even if he did not practise it - that Truth was bound to him for life.

When I was born, Dad was 32 years old ,he was never unkind to me, but not outgoing or physically demonstrative of his love. ( The Poet James Macauley writes powerfully of his own Father's inability to physically express any affection.) He worked on the construction of the great Garden Island Graving Dock, for the Navy. This was a protected employment category, which stopped him being sent on labour battalions to Darwin when he received the call-up. He could not be in the regular forces because of faulty eyesight resulting from an accident at the Foundry when he was about 13 yrs old.

As I grew up, all my interests were largely alien to my Dad except Politics, and even then we were on opposite sides of the fence!Only after many years did  I hear that Dad was very proud of my progress in Banking  and in other areas and used to regale his regular drinking mates at the hotel in Lidcombe with my latest efforts. We almost never got to talk at any length on  any subject , conversation being limited to brief exchanges of statements never pressed too far lest the heavy crunch of disagreement should wreck things.

Dad worked hard all through his life, and for most of my life after the War, he worked in the hot dirty atmosphere of Potts Hill Water Pumping Station , which he rode to and from on a bicycle in light and dark ( for he was a shift worker) and in summer heat and driving rain.It was about a twenty minutes bike ride each way.

In my twenties and thirties , I could of course, perceive all my Father's faults with clinical efficiency, whilst making every allowance for any tendency  to deficiency on my own part. As the years went by my Dad evolved, particularly after he came to see the devastating effect on my Mum's fragile mental health following a Hysterectomy. He came to see in time how cruel was the effect of stubborn,sullen silences - sometimes lasting 3 days - over some exaggerated "offence", on someone so vulnerable. He was transformed.

He also returned to the practise of the Faith which was very pleasing to see and took great delight in his three grandchildren, Marianne, Justine and Matthew and never ceased urging me to look after my wife!

But still he could not freely and easily communicate either emotions or ideas.Whether or not this disability stemmed from the treatment he received from his brutish and drunkard Father, I cannot say for sure, but if I were a betting man......

Dad's later years were plagued by troubles with his heart - suffering from an "enlarged heart"which caused recurring build-ups of fluid around the heart, these required repeated hospitalisation to relieve them but there could be no cure.

In fact he had just successfully completed one such routine and was about to be released when he suffered a heart attack and died. The Catholic Chaplain to the Auburn Hospital where Dad died was quickly on the spot to minister to  his poor body and pray for his soul. His name was Father Stephen Swift and I was most impressed by the card he left endorsed with all that needed to be done to ensure a proper Catholic burial - for he knew nothing of the family.

We were living in Brisbane at the time and I received a call from my Brother Pat telling me of Dad's death and saying that the Hospital  wanted to perform an autopsy. I was on the first plane down next morning and went straight to see the Doctor in Charge -  a young Asian gent. He was prompt to offer condolences and almost as prompt to proffer a form authorising an autopsy for signature. When I objected that they clearly knew the cause of death, and that  this was unnecessary, the form quickly disappeared into the pocket of his white coat. I informed him that after the long periods of my Dad's health problems, I did not want his body used for training purposes. This is a matter which I believe the Hospital handled very badly to say the least.

1947 WITH MY DAD IN PITT STREET SYDNEY

So John Joseph "Jack"Dixon I love you dearly and hope we have the opportunity to understand each other far better in Paradise.My prayers for the repose of your soul and of Mum's are daily made, because time is irrelevant in eternity.

MOTHERS DAY AND A FATHER

ELSIE GEORGINA DIXON  My dear Mum who died in 1971 Aged 66yrs.

Here I am surrounded by a pictorial  bouquet of Mothers ! (I think "bouquet"is a suitable collective noun for a group of Mothers!) Each one  of them I have had the privilege and joy to share my life with, and each one has been a remarkable example of love and kindness in action, even in the gravest difficulty. 

 Obviously the first Mother I knew was my very own dear Mum,who led a life of self- sacrifice , love and loyalty in the most adverse circumstances.Her love was generous and kind, never in the least demanding. She was the ideal example of her Father's philosophy that love and respect go hand in hand : if you have not got love you will show no respect, if you show no respect, you have no love. 

Grandad hit the nail on the head, and my dear Mum had absorbed the lesson and lived it out.


 

GRANDMA DIXON  ( Nee Boyd) Who died in 1948 Aged  66yrs also.

Next I got to know my Grandma Dixon who lived on the next block one street behind us. Hers was also a tough life coping with a difficult husband.She gave herself to helping many human strays in the family orbit. She was very loving in her treatment of me and in early primary school days I used to walk home via Grandma's place, where she would always be seated on the verandah - waiting for me with a One Shilling piece( with its Merino Sheep Head image on it) clutched in her hand which she gave to me for treats. I can still recall its warmth from her hand, to-day.

GRANDMA BECKMANN Who died in 1965 Aged  79 Yrs.

My Mum's Mother, Grandma Beckmann, was a very special lady. She was more self - confident and outgoing within the family group than my Mum or Grandma Dixon and her love was open-hearted and generous, her hugs big and strong.

 She was totally devoted to her husband "Ted"Edward Beckmann and in the family circle she would refer to him as "Daddy"( they had 9 children!). When I knew him his health was failing, and though she would firmly proclaim that "Daddy and I are going to live on into the (Biblical) Millenium ", looking back ,I can see her anxiety that he was slipping away.

 She was a wonderful example of love and affection and that ,constant and reliable.She had had a tough life with never a lot of money around , and when some windfall occurred an adverse development would sweep it away. She suffered a lot for marrying a  "German" especially in World War I as did the older girls, reproached for being "Germans". I recall her unconditional love of me ,and those strong, generous hugs to-day. And, as she lay close to death in Hospital  , I can recall her calling out "Mummy" - my Grandmother, at the end of her life - calling out for Her Mother!
 

                                            My dear wife Robyn

                      Robyn with Marianne, Justine and Matthew at Mount Wilson


Then we come to the full colour Mums. My dear wife Robyn with our three beautiful children, what fun we had that day in the bracing air and rich autumn tones of Mount Wilson! 

What fun we have had over all the years - and how much of that is due to Robyn , loving loyal, devoted wife and Mother. I guess we have had more good times than all the predecessor Mothers and their families combined and yet we have had a ton of tough times, but Robyn has been a constant source of love and loyalty through thick and thin, and even thinner! No - one could ask for a better Wife or ,the children, a better Mother.

OUR SECOND DAUGHTER JUSTINE  THE MODEL OF A  MOTHER

Premature Daniel only days old 

Is now brilliant and vital Daniel  ,soon to be 7 yrs.

The latest Mother in the family blood line is our dear daughter Justine, Mother to Emily, Christopher and Daniel. Words nearly fail me ( nearly! I always have a few left!) As parents we could not be prouder of this thoroughly modern Mother. She is an exemplary model of love and devotion in effective action , handling even the strain of tiny Daniel's birth when this tiny literal handful of life seemed to us too fragile , she brought him to the fullness of healthy life with dedication and love, without skipping a beat in the care of Emily and Christopher and husband Paul.And like her paternal Grandmother she is a stalwart strength for her parents.








So Mothers of mine, I salute you and honour you , but most of all, I love you unfailingly.

And a Father....?

To-day, 8th May,2014 is Mothers'Day of course, but it is only a few days away from the 24th Anniversary of the death of my Dad John (Jack) Joseph Dixon, in 1992, just short of his June 85th Birthday. Requiescat in Pace

                                    My Dad Jack Dixon at about 6 or so.
                                      Within 5years at age 11 in 1918 he was working 
                                       in Newland's Iron Foundry near Central Station.

                    

                       Without Fathers there would be no Mothers!

DRESSING FOR SPEED IN DEUTSCHLAND

Dressing for Speed

In May 1936 a crossing gate guard on the important Berlin � Hamburg line was alerted by an almost unearthly but rapidly approaching howling. He likened it to a steam-powered siren. Before he could collect his thoughts, his humble crossing was host to the thunder and enormous speed of the streamlined locomotive 05 002 pulling four express coaches. With observers from the Reichsbahn on board, the thundering burgundy-colored machine recorded a speed of 200.4 km/h (124.52 mph). Paul Roth, from the Reichsbahn�s Berlin-Grunewald test facility, who was on board during the test run, likened the unearthly howl emanating from the smokestack of the BR 05 to its boiler working probably dangerously close to the edge of the envelope, as we like to say in today�s techno jargon.
Some time after Errol Kubicki and I had completed our article on tenders, I asked him if he had any ideas for other articles. After several e-mail exchanges, he asked what I knew about streamlined Dampfloks, specifically streamlined tank engines. Well, I never really paid much attention to them � tank or otherwise but that I�d be willing to do a little investigating. To urge me on, Errol lent me a copy of Modell Eisen Bahner featuring a fairly detailed article on the topic. So, here goes.
Much as we admire the sight of a steam locomotive with its jungle of pipes, valves, connecting rods, and much more of the external necessities that propel the machine, this beloved mechanical jungle does little to improve the efficiency of what is already a rather inefficient machine. By the 1930s, the major locomotive builders in Europe, specifically Germany, realized that, if they were to compete with lighter, more aerodynamic railcars such as "Der Fliegende Hamburg" and the up and coming electric locomotives like the E 18, they would have to take a closer look at clothing their Dampfloks in an aerodynamic shell.
While this well-known run set a record, Wolfgang Messerschmidt, the famous German railroad historian, thinks it is (was) not a record. Being quite familiar with American steam locomotive technology, he feels that some streamlined Alco steam locomotives achieved speeds as high as 230 km/h (142.9 mph). This, of course, also eclipses the run made by "Mallard" in England at 202.7 km/h (125.9 mph) but this latter figure is disputed since it was allegedly done on a slight down grade. Actually, some minor attempts to impart some windcheating form to locomotives go back to the early part of the 20^th century when cabs began to be enclosed and the front of the boiler was fabricated in a more conical shape. Take a look at the Bavarian S 3/6 locomotives.
The Beginning
Still, in Germany the effort to develop a more efficient streamlined steam locomotive was on and became more earnest in 1932. William Beil, the director of engineering at Borsig in Berlin (Hennigsdorf), recalls that they were looking at speeds in the 150 km/h (93 mph) range since that was already possible with lighter self-propelled railcars. Borsig conducted some windtunnel testing at its own expense and the Reichsbahn did similar work at the University of G�ttingen. The result was that Lok 03 154 was fitted with a more aerodynamic cab and a parabola shaped boiler door. The running gear and boiler were also enclosed with the enclosures featuring suitable access panels for maintenance. Steaming at 150 km/h (93 mph) it quickly became evident that the engine was able to pull more cars with less effort. This was attributed not only to the streamlining but also to the increased thermodynamic efficiency realized by the streamlining. At the time, William Beil calculated that the streamlining contributed an extra 290 hp at 120 km/h (75 mph). Further calculations for speeds of 160 km/h (100 mph) showed that additional tractive effort would result which would translate directly into hauling more passenger cars.
All of this success led directly to incorporating this technology into the BR 05. As this new project began to, pardon the pun, take shape, the DRG also asked Borsig to streamline
03 193. By then the DRG had also mandated that passenger locomotives capable of speeds exceeding 140 km/h (87 mph) would be equipped with streamlining. Affected were BR 01¹⁰, 03¹⁰, 05 and 06. While this speed demarcation was in effect at the Reichsbahn, this concept was basically ignored in other countries. In the mid-1930s it had become fashionable, especially in the United States, to streamline locomotives whether or not any performance benefit would be realized or not. Fashionable or not, the German locomotive builders also had to be increasingly concerned with the competition offered by the already mentioned lighter and more aerodynamic railcars and electric locomotives. Not only were these quite efficient but they were also very attractive from a marketing viewpoint.
The ubiquitous BR 01 and BR 03
At first sight the famous BR 01¹⁰ and BR 03¹⁰ look almost identical but the difference was more skin deep with the BR 01 being the heavier duty machine with greater axle loading. The lighter duty BR 03 and its BR 01 counterpart were both destined to be clothed with streamlining. Altogether, these types were the most widely built and used streamliners. Initially, the DRG wanted to order 205 of the BR 01¹⁰ but the war reduced this by nearly 75 percent. Most survived those years and in 1949 they were overhauled but their streamlining was removed. Similarly, the original order for 140 of the BR 03¹⁰ streamliners was reduced to 60 at the start of the war. After the conflict, the DB and DR overhauled them but also had their streamlining removed.
The BR 05 in two versions
"In the BR 05 German steam engine development had reached its highest point." Those were the words of the editors of "M+F Journal" 25 years ago. That this is unarguable was proven in May 1936 when 05 002 broke the 200 km/h (124 mph) barrier. Three streamlined BR 05s were built by Borsig under the direction of Richard Paul Wagner at the DRG - two conventional (05 001 and 05 002) and one cab forward (05 003). All were 2�C2� (4-6-4) three-cylinder machines with five axle tenders. (Author�s note: This is the Wagner whose name is applied to the large smoke deflectors)
The conventional BR 05s were delivered in March and May 1935. Both entered revenue service in 1936 on the Berlin � Hamburg line. During the May 1936 record run, 05 002 developed over 3,400 hp (2,535 kW). With advent of the war, both were sidelined since high speed passenger service was deemed superfluous. They survived the war and in 1950, Krauss-Maffei dismantled the streamlining and reduced the boiler pressure to 16 bar. They then entered regular service in 1951 and were retired in July 1958. Engine 05 001 was installed in the N�rnberg Transportation Museum complete with its original streamlining. Together with 05 001, the two Loks regularly reached speeds of 150 km/h (93 mph) and 175 km/h (108 mph) on some stretches.
The cab forward design was radical by any measure. The engine was delivered in the fall of 1937. Unlike the Southern Pacific cab forward engines, the design of the 05 003 was intended primarily to provide better visibility for the crew at the anticipated high speeds. The obvious impossibility of trying to shovel coal into the boiler resulted in use of a stoker system that moved coal dust through a 14 m (46-ft) long pipeline. Even the use of coal dust proved difficult. Test results with two types of coal (brown and hard) were less than satisfactory. In 1944, 05 003 was rebuilt into a conventional locomotive but without streamlining. Its livery was wartime camouflage paint complete with strategically located armor plate to protect vital parts. After surviving the war, Krauss-Maffei overhauled this engine in 1950 and it joined the other 05s in revenue service. The ideal fuel would have been oil but this was not considered since it would have meant use of a very strategic material. Besides, the DRG had only very limited experience with oil-firing.
The Mammoth BR 06
The BR 06 was developed in 1933. It was necessary to have a high-performance locomotive for more mountainous areas and the all-important Berlin � Frankfurt/Main and Berlin � Munich lines. The new prototype engine had to be able to pull 650 ton trains at 120 km/h (75 mph) and on more severe grades at 60 km/h (37 mph). But, it was not until April 1939 that Krupp delivered the prototype three-cylinder BR 06 (06 001), a 2�D2� (4-8-4) design. It and its mate 06 002 were then the largest steam locomotives built in Germany. Their impressive size was further enhanced by their huge partially exposed drivers. Alas, the machines disappointed. There were boiler problems but perhaps potentially more serious was their inability to negotiate radii of 140 m (460 feet) without the possibility of derailing. Some railroaders also cast doubt on the machines� inability to safely negotiate some of the very complex turnout systems in place at that time. One of the driven axles was even flangeless. These limitations and the advent of more efficient electric locomotives on the Berlin � Frankfurt and Berlin � Munich lines doomed the BR 06. It never entered series production. Engine 06 001 was taken out of service in 1951 and 06 002 was hit by a bomb and destroyed during the war.
BR 61 and Henschel - Wegmann
Enter the locomotive builder Henschel & Sohn and the car builder Wegmann & Co. This team designed and developed a streamlined locomotive and suitable passenger cars to compete with the railcars. It was to be a relatively light train based on a 2�B1� (4-4-2) tank engine and passenger cars featuring Jacobs trucks. The DRG, however, wanted the design to make greater use of existing standard designs for both the locomotive and cars. What emerged was a streamlined BR 61 (61 001) and matching passenger cars painted in attractive aluminum and violet colors.
The train made its debut in May 1935 on the Berlin � Dresden route. In acceleration and top speed it matched "Der Fliegende Hamburg." Top speed was 185 km/h (115 mph), but at 150 km/h (93 mph), the locomotive�s running characteristics were not nearly as stable as those of other streamliners, notably the BR 05. Nevertheless, the new train did the 176 km (109 mile) Berlin to Dresden route in 100 minutes, a speed of 64 mph (103.5 km/h). The limited water capacity of the BR 61 was also an issue. Still, the train entered service. At war�s end, it was stationed in Braunschweig. It was then outfitted for service between Hannover and Bielefeld. An accident in 1952 led to its retirement.
To overcome these objections, in 1939 Henschel delivered a larger three-cylinder BR 61 (61 002) with the unusual axle configuration of 2�C3� (4-6-6). To accommodate the increased coal and water capacity, Henschel chose the three-axle trailing truck and too keep axle loading at the 18.5 tons dictated by the Reichsbahn. The new machine performed very well but scheduled service between Berlin and Dresden did not materialize and by 1943 both 61 001 and 61 002 gave up their attractive paint scheme and reverted to dreary wartime gray. But, the story of 61 002 did not end here, and as the immortal Monty Python gang often said, "and, now for something completely different."
After World War 2, 61 002 remained in the Soviet occupied zone of Germany. The servicing facility in Dresden had little use for the one-off locomotive other than to use it for various general purpose tasks. For a while, the engine was used for the personal train of the transportation minister but even while serving this dutiful bureaucrat, the machine exhibited all sorts of ills. As it turned out, the railway development center in Halle needed locomotives capable of at least 160 km/h (100 mph) to test high speed passenger cars then under development. The overhaul facility in Meiningen was given the job to convert 61 002 to a conventional tender locomotive of 2�C1� (4-6-2) configuration capable of 180 km/h (112 mph). The tender was from a BR 44 (44 468). The outside cylinders were from H 45 024, an experimental coal dust fired Lok with a condensing tender. (The less than elegant H 45 024, in turn, was derived from a conventional BR 45.) The reborn engine, now oil-fired, was designated 18 201 and in honor of the first German Pacific, a Badische IVf in 1907. This Lok used the 18 201 number in 1925. To some extent the new, green 18 201 looked like the Bundesbahn�s BR 10 of 1956.
The little BR 60
Though not intended to break or even approach high speeds, the private L�beck � B�chener Eisenbahn (LBE) ordered two streamlined BR 60s from Henschel. The two modest two-cylinder locomotives (60 001 and 60 002) were delivered in 1936. The LBE combined these with two-level coaches. The two trains were used in pull-push service on the Hamburg � L�beck � Travem�nde line. The little tank engines were capable of 120 km/h (75 mph). The LBE ordered a third slightly more powerful BR 60 streamliner (60 003) in 1937.
With the start of the war, the DRG de-emphasized high speed passenger traffic and relegated the BR 60s to heater service but eventually only 60 001 was used for that. In 1945, 60 002 and 60 003 went to the East German DR. Engine 60 002 was in service in the Berlin suburbs until 1958 and the third machine served until 1962 near Stralsund.
The Unconventional BR 19
Yet another but the last attempt to build another aerodynamic steam engine was Henschel�s design for the BR 19. In its outward appearance, the 19 1001 was very similar to the BR 01 and BR 03 streamliners. It was a decidedly unconventional machine of 1�Do1� (2-8-2) configuration. Four two-cylinder steam engines were used. On the right side, two engines powered the first and third driven axle and on the left side a similar arrangement powered the second and fourth driven axles. It was delivered to the DRG on June 13, 1941 and after solving some teething problems, the BR 19 showed stable and quiet running characteristics. Trials on a dynamometer at the DRG�s Grunewald (Berlin) test facility showed that speeds of up to 200 km/h (124 mph) should be easily possible. A promising start, indeed.
In tests on the Berlin � Hamburg line the machine reached 186 km/h (115 mph), a speed that was not only attributed to its unconventional propulsion system but also to the well designed streamlining. While the potential was clearly there, the times did not permit further development. In May 1943, the engine was transferred to Bw Altona (near Hamburg) and used in revenue service. A bomb hit in early in 1944 damaged 19 1001 but she was repaired only to be hit again in August 1944, but this time more severely that was followed by sidelining. In April 1945, the unusual machine was discovered by the advancing American troops, taken into custody and then shipped to Fort Monroe in Virginia in October of that year. Industry engineers and others examined the Lok but did not run it. As a matter of fact, the machine never ran again under its own power. The advent of dieselization by the American railroads quickly obsoleted steam power. By 1952, the engine was scrapped.
The BR 10
No doubt the last gasp in search of a more streamlined steam engine was the BR 10. It was a very advanced three-cylinder 2�C1� (4-6-2) and, according to Wolfgang Messerschmidt, it was really a pseudo-streamliner. Krupp built the only two of these prototypes in 1956, which were intended to replace the BR 01¹⁰ and BR 03¹⁰. The first, 10 001, was coal-fired and its mate, 10 002, was oil fired. The machine�s axle loading of 22 tons imposed restrictions on many lines and, in addition, not all lines permitted its service speed of 140 km/h (87 mph). With times and technology changing rapidly, the end of steam was clearly in sight. Both were retired in 1967.
The End of an Era
As we saw, those streamliners that survived the war were stripped of their elegant windcheating exteriors. Soon the groundbreaking V200 came on the scene as did the E18 before the war. Both were clearly more efficient and faster but even they are retired now. Today�s passengers on the ICE will probably never have heard of the mighty 05 002�s record run. The longest lived streamliner was no doubt 01 1102 delivered in the summer of 1940 and served until 1974. It is now restored and still operating much to the delight of Europe�s steam enthusiasts.
Streamliner Summary

Type	Service Class	No. built	Service Years
BR 0110	S 36.20	55	1939 - 1953
BR 0310	S 36.18	60	1939 - 1959
BR 05	S 37.19	2	1935 - 58
BR 05*	S 37.19	1	1937 - 1939; 1950 - 1958
BR 06	S 48.18/20	2	1939 - 1945
BR 10	S 36.22	2	1956 - 1967
BR 19	S 46.18	1	1941 - 1944
BR 60	St 24.18/19	3	1936 - 1962
BR 61	St 38.18	2	1935 - 1956
18 201**	S 36.20	1	1961 - ??
* cab forward
** ex 61 002

Acknowledgements:
The author appreciates the assistance provided by Kevin Brady and Heinz Brockmann.
Sources:
"50 Jahre Einheitslokomotiven", Alfred B. Gottwaldt, ISBN 3-440-04253-7, 1975.
"Das Grosse Typenbuch Deutscher Lokomotiven", Weisbrod, B�zold,, Obermayer, ISBN 3-334-70751-5, 1995.
"Die Dampfmotor Lokomotive 19 1001", M�rklin Magazin, 2/74, pp. 28 � 30.
"Baureihe 05 � Die schnellsten deutschen Dampflokomotiven", M+F Journal, 1/1975, pp. 10 �12.
"Die Entwicklung der Stromlinien Lokomotiven der Deutschen Reichsbahn", M+F Journal,1/1977, pp. 47 � 49.
"Ganz in Schale", Franz Rittig, Modell Eisen Bahner, Nr. 12/1996, pp. 12 � 19.

"Jimmos starke Herren", Eisenbahn Magazin, 12/98, pp. 41 � 46.