Monday, May 17, 2021

103 YEARS BILLY WILSON

 

ARMENTIERES - THE BATTLEFIELD _ GERMAN BUNDESARCHIV PHOTOGRAPH


IT WAS A TUESDAY, WASN’T IT BILLY?
- TUESDAY, 14TH MAY, 1918

Private James William“BILLY”Wilson   Service No. 5659
17TH Battalion, Australian Imperial Force
KILLED IN ACTION Near / Armentieres FRANCE In the course of repelling the German Forces, whose attempt to reach the Sea had already failed.


Did you know it was Tuesday, or in that Hell around Armentieres, blasted to Kingdom Come for miles and miles, did you really care what day it was?
THE ICONIC AUSTRALIAN SLOUCH HAT
 
 
 
They didn’t tell your Mum how you died, blown to pieces by a German shell blast .
 
But your Superior Officer took the trouble to tell my Grandma and Grandad – your Sister Louisa (“doll’s eyes” you called her) and her husband Ted .Louisa was distraught at losing her only brother she loved so much. In due course, the Army provided your Mother with a Certificate of Burial for which Ted made an ornate carved wooden frame with all the flags of the Allies around its edges. (I guess he inherited that skill from his Grandfather Carl Dopmeyer whose sculpture and wood carving gained him fame in Germany in the second half of the 1800’s.
 
 
We don’t seem to have a photo of you Billy, which is strange for your time. But we know a little about you:
 
You enlisted on 16th November, 1915. You were said to be 27 years old and 3 months, of dark complexion weighing 119 lbs. and 5 Feet 3 ½ “in height. So you were a little bloke by Aussie standards but true to your English born parents’ physique. You had no distinguishing marks on your body. You were a Laborer.

But what’s this? You were Discharged just over a month later on 22nd December, 1915. Because you had insufficient teeth to masticate!
 
 
 
17th Battalion A.I.F. (AUSTRALIAN  IMPERIAL FORCE) COLOUR PATCH

 

 

But you can’t keep a good bloke down, and on 24th February, 1916 you enlist again! By now you have a “Fresh” complexion, Brown eyes, Brown Hair, your height is the same but at 27 years and 6 months you weigh in at 116lbs And you have acquired a scar at your Right eye, on your Right thigh and inside your Right knee. Did this happen during your initial enlistment? An accident? All the injury was on your right side and the inclusion of a scar behind your right knee doesn’t sound like a fight!

Whatever the case, the lack of teeth , (stated to have occurred over the 10 preceding years due to cavities)– perhaps you had obtained dentures (?)- did not stop you being accepted again.

 

You appear to have been buried initially at Fouilloy and later exhumed and re-interred at the great Australian War Cemetery at Villers- Bretonneux."

 
 
"The sun shining down on these green fields of France
The warm wind blows gently and the red poppies dance
The trenches have vanished long under the plow
No gas, no barbed wire, no guns firing now
But here in this graveyard that's still no mans land
The countless white crosses in mute witness stand
To man's blind indifference to his fellow man
And a whole generation were butchered and damned

Did they beat the drums slowly
Did they play the fife lowly
Did they sound the death march as they lowered you down
Did the band play the last post and chorus
Did the pipes play the flowers of the forest"
 
 
(The Green Fields of France - Eric Bogle)



The Australian War Memorial at Villers Bretonneux

 

 

 

On 4 th February, 1919 your Mother received from the Army your personal effects – you know how pitifully few and pathetic they were. You had made your Mother your Next of Kin because your Father had died previously.

 

CONCLUSION

I’m sorry Billy, that I haven’t yet got more information about you and the War you fought, but I am on the job and will set the record straight as best I can.

You and your comrades, who already went through Hell on earth in France, are in my daily prayers for the repose of your Souls. And we who live our lives to-day are forever grateful to you.

 

 

 

 


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Saturday, April 24, 2021

SOCIAL REALITIES OF WORLD WAR I

CHILDHOOD        SOCIAL REALITIES OF WORLD WAR I


MOTHER'S MATE CALLS



I have tried to identify the point in my life at which I began to take the family, community and national memory of World War I seriously, so far without success. Perhaps in writing this post I shall stumble across it.

My earliest memories of the "idea" of the first World War are of images of rather absurd looking flickering figures walking in a jolting fashion in odd uniforms. There was always at my Grandma Dixon's house among the large depressing photo portraits around the Lounge Room wall a young soldier, left profile,eyes raised slightly as if gazing on some distant scene. I believe his name was Patrick Boyd and that he was my Grandma Dixon's uncle(?) who died in 1919,just after the War. The family spoke as if he had died because of the War, I have yet to prove that.I wonder now if his death had any influence on my Grandad's later heavy drinking and brutish behaviour. There was never any talk of him serving in that War.

Then too, I saw in many places War Memorials, most small with names I came to realise were the dead, inscribed below, and surmounted by a soldier standing at attention and resting on arms reversed, and in the heart of Sydney City the solemn Cenotaph which I always had learned to respect


SYDNEY CENOTAPH  DAWN SERVICE  ANZAC DAY



Even in my early teens,  as other histories more remote came to attract my reading attention, World War I seemed to strike a stubborn streak in my mind - it was boring, old-fashioned, irrelevant. Perhaps this had something to do with the fact that my early years were spent in the midst of World War II still the great reality of my early teens, filling movie houses, books, magazines. Maybe it made World War I seem as it did. 

Do you know? I think writing in order to think something through, works. That was obviously it. 


Off on my first visit to Canberra ,the National Capital in  1957/58.
The diesel railcar set was the latest thing operating as the Canberra-Monaro Express.
Rail fans of the time spoke of its speed as low flying! Lol! I doubt it passed 80 mph.




But as time went on,WWII 's colours began to fade, and I visited our Nation's Capital Canberra for the first time. There I visited the great War Memorial, which at the time was still principally concentrating on World War I in its magnificent displays.Now, I began to understand the terrible reality of that "War to end all Wars", and what it had meant to the infant Australia and the World.



AUSTRALIAN WAR MEMORIAL, CANBERRA


Australia lost 61,966 Military Deaths or 1.38% of her total population of 4.5 millions at the time.

United States 116,708    "            "       "  0.13%  "  "     "            "        "  92        "       "   "    "  .



That visit drew the veil away, the psychological barrier in my mind, and I came at last, to rationally think about the Great War. I was then about 17 and working for the Solicitor for Railways. I travelled to Canberra on my Railway Employee's once a year free Pass. I got more value out of that journey than I could have hoped for.

As the years have gone by, with the advent of television and growing publishing interest in World War I and then the arrival of the Internet ( how blessed we are to live in the Internet era!) my interest has grown and grown. And I have discovered Private Billy Wilson, my maternal Grandmother's brother, whom I knew had called his beautiful young sister "Doll's eyes", was blown to pieces at Armentieres.

And as if by magic, young Australians and older ones, are flocking to Anzac Day Services around the World each year in GROWING numbers at Gallipoli, Villers Bretonneux and now Fromelles. Just as I have over the years, come alive to that great tragedy, and its significance, so have many others and their children and their children's children.

Truly, of those who gave their lives, it can be said::

                                   'THEIR NAME LIVETH FOR EVERMORE"















 

Friday, November 13, 2020

LOOKING

1971
LOOKING


Back, around and forward. Life leads us to look.


Nowhere do we look more intensely, without realising it, and with such uncertain success, as at our parents, then at our children - and the same applies to them. They in their turn are doing the same to us and their children and their children carry on the process. It is part of nature.  Yet the older we get, if we are honest, I believe the more we will admit how imperfect the observations are.


It is a fascinating subject the more we think about it. Yet through this shifting, evolving process of imperfect comprehension, assessment, misapprehension and misjudgement our lives are all forged. I have been led to this reflection by the approach of our eldest child's fiftieth Birthday -  a very happy family occasion.


We, as parents are no longer who we were when she began to know us, and we were then becoming different people in many ways from the individuals we had been as we began our married life. The experiences tumbled in upon one another. Getting to really know each other - far better than one can when courting. Learning, and adjusting to each other's foibles, and their family. In the latter case, learning some things which themselves turn out over time, to have been imperfectly known or understood in the first place. Every family has its surprises....sometimes quite obscure. We still relied to some degree on OUR parents - now proud Grandparents - for a sympathetic ear, for occasional advice or assistance, and truth to tell, we came to realise how difficult their path had been. Our teenage "know it all" assessment of them, came to be more humble and understanding.


Into this scene, after nine months and some weeks of marriage, comes baby M. who begins learning about the world, and the main people in the world are her parents. Baby M. comes to know Love and Caring, Comfort and Security at the hands of Mum and Dad. Much of this process is not remembered as Baby M. grows up. Nothing is known, in any case, of the struggles of Mum and Dad to get established- the laughter and the occasional tears, the anxieties and the stresses when every resource of personality and possession, is stretched to the limit to advance that process of getting established. Even Mum and Dad don't share EVERY thought or experience...in order to shield one another from undue anxiety or stress. 


In time, Baby M. has to learn that there are significant others in the world, firstly the two sets of Grandparents. These are easy to handle - their Loving and Caring is exceptional and can be summed up in the one word: "doting". But in due course there comes on the scene another: Baby J. This is something else! She too is only self-interested at first - she needs to share the Love and the Caring, the Comfort and Security and yes, even the Doting.


                                                                      DOTING 1971

After this, things settle down for a couple of years to some degree. There are extremely difficult times, which mark the Parents but must not be allowed to affect the development of the children who are beginning to form their own views of the wider world via kindergarten and pre- School, mixing with complete strangers, even for short periods adds to their vocabulary, and their ideas. They are beginning the steps away from full parental influence.




The parents are, meanwhile, also mixing with wider circles of people in the neighbourhood and in the Parish and in the wider society. They are also becoming more mature. Then, the children face a challenge (in reality) but it is presented to them as a gift - they have a baby Brother - another Baby M! He is a delightful and funny little fellow whom the girls really love, they are almost invariably good and kind to him, fussing over him and calling him "little darling". Such an idyllic situation could not last forever. At about Age 2 years there came the day when the "little darling" was standing in his circular netting walled playpen when the girls removed from it some object which he REALLY wanted. For the first time ever, he let out such a bellow of displeasure that they, and we, were really shocked  - quite out of character to date. The shock to the girls seems to have been the more significant and seemed to set the tone for future dealings.




Life in any young family is somewhat like a kaleidoscope. It is forever changing unpredictably, colourful but somewhat trying, yet the parents would not have it any other way. All the while, the parents are, with unwavering love, building up their "picture" of each child, out of concern for the child's well-being and sub-consciously and consciously assessing their personality, abilities, inclinations and potential. For their part, the children are building up their "pictures" of each of the parents. But this process is radically different. The parents are trying to identify and develop the children's true self. The children on their part are, often unwittingly, trying to do the same ( "Who am I really? What should I become?) and they tend to see the parents in terms of the degree to which they are perceived to facilitate or impede the will, the decisions, of the children.  

                                                        A very accomplished Mother

Consciously or not,  the children come to experience the parents less and less, in a protective role, and more and more in an adversarial role.  The children acquire a certain elementary knowledge of the parents' background and life experience, but their knowledge and appreciation of this are limited by their own lack of life experience. There is a marked difference between the two activities: beyond the issue of their own survival, the parents are concerned for the wellbeing -present and future, of their children.  The children, for their part, tend to take the parents' wellbeing for granted - true they do not really, can't really, appreciate the things that might threaten it. They are intensely preoccupied with their own situation and prospects- generally immediate prospects.


Soon their interest in the parents' earlier lives and even present lives, is overcome by the onset of puberty. This is a sometimes traumatic experience, leading to introversion, embarrassment, lack of self-confidence, or sometimes extremes of overconfidence and self-assertion often impulsive and not ideally rational. It leads frequently to the quest for friendship with peers experiencing the same stresses. One way or another, it will often lead to a degree of distancing from the parents in attitudes, sometimes leading to the choosing of diametrically opposed views of the world. 


I can only speak with some degree of certainty, about my own circumstances. I was raised with many opportunities - which today would be thought of as modest - to be educated up to Matriculation standard. My parents' means were limited so that I could not attend University full time. I endeavoured to do so part-time on two occasions, but unfavourable working arrangements led to both attempts resulting in failure. Still, I saw for myself in late 1950's Sydney, Australia, bright prospects and no insuperable barriers to personal progress.


                                                                                 1947


In the case of my Father - born on 1907 - his schooling had ended at age 11 when he commenced working in Newlands' Iron Foundry on the eastern side of the railway near Central Station in Sydney. He later worked for the Metropolitan Water Sewerage and Drainage Board and after years of unemployment and the bitter search for work during the Great Depression, he came to work for the Commonwealth Government on the construction of the great Graving Dock at Garden Island on Sydney Harbour. He always saw himself as a "Working Class" man and was continually a loyal supporter of the Australian Labor Party. That bond was so strong that even when he was convinced that the Party had been thoroughly subverted by Communists (whom he detested), he could not bring himself to vote against the Party. My Mother, on the other hand, had also always been a "Working Class" girl (though her Father had always endeavoured - without success- to become a small retail business owner, as he strove to match the expectations his Father in Germany had set for him when the Father was unable to afford to educate both his elder brother and him to University standard). Despite this working background, my Mother was always a voter for the conservative side of politics. I found my political sympathies with the freer, more economically liberal approach of the conservative side also. It was not a case of rebelling against my Father or following my Mother, rather it was all personal -a matter of how I saw the world and the opportunities available. For me, the Australian Labor Party was identified with all the restrictive aspects of the Second World War which I had known from Birth to Age 5. I was well familiar with Rationing of all foodstuffs, shortages, electricity blackouts, and many other irritants greater or less. And now, after the War, I saw how the Australian Labor Party in Government had tried to cling on to these controls long after the War was over. I was for freedom from all of that and I detested the attitudes of the politicians who were not. I did not see any formal restrictions to what I might do in life nor did I want any.


As the years pass, and one matures, we come to take note quietly and privately, of how we are regarded by others. Parents note how their surviving parents change. Our love for them colours our view, but it cannot be denied that we come to see them as slipping away steadily, reality demands that we take account of this as practicalities force themselves in upon us. 


Most painful of all is the thought between the parents that in time there will be only one of them. A lifetime of love and respect will have come to an end with no further opportunity to be kind, to be happy together, to be sorry for things that have not been as we had hoped. The parents come to realise that they are being treated differently by all manner of people. With inordinate consideration by some, patronised by others, with loving care and respect by others, their lives inevitably change. From "the inside" they must adjust to all this. The process is handled differently depending on the personality involved. It may involve anything from deterioration of the personality perhaps involving a withdrawal in growing silence in order to deflect unwanted attitudes experienced. Or it might involve a desperate effort to be "with it". There is an inevitable impact as friends who are older, or sometimes even younger, come to the end of their lives. The whole world seems to be increasingly made up of younger folk. And they are in turn discovering and at the same time re-making the world.


It is a fascinating experience and we only get one shot at it- always the learner - it does not pay to think you know it all, no matter who you are or how young and "debonair, and brilliant and brave"* you think you are.


* The description of Raymond Asquith who died in WW I as described by the Author John Buchan ( Lord Tweedsmuir who became Governor-General of Canada).




Wednesday, September 30, 2020

WE ARE PRIMITIVE STILL

                                                ROYAL NAVY DAYS OF SAIL - MARINE DRUMMER


DRUMS. Who can fail to react to them?

 

As I grew up, one of the earliest sounds that impressed me was the sound of drums. It actually went far beyond that to the idea of drums and the influence of the drumbeat.

 

The link to this primitive influence was instilled and re-inforced at almost every level. From civic pageantry , to comic books, to military parades and entertainment and tales of history, the influence of drums was important.

 

My childhood was launched during the Second World War, and even going to the Movies in my pyjamas as a very little fellow carried by Dad and Mum, I learned the necessity to stand for “God Save the King” before the show began – drums rolled and the mighty anthem burst forth while the image of King George VI appeared against a background of ocean waves (which of course, we “knew” Britannia ruled with our help). So the drums attested to dignity , honour and glory.

 

But when I was at home, Tarzan comic books and others, referred to different drums : menacing, not understood – jungle drums! Who knew what “the natives” in the African Jungle were up to ! Surely with all those drums in the night menace was the intent. And I pretty soon learned that the heroes – apart from Tarzan and his skimpy loincloth, were desperately scared of those “jungle drums” – it seemed that the Safari Suit and Pith Helmet goodies and even their almost civilised native bearers were often scared out of their wits at the sound of drums.

 

                                                                   THE PHANTOM


Then the movies got into the “swords and sandals” genre – ancient Rome and later still Ancient Egypt. Drums again but now the drums had a different role – they inspired resolution in the troops of Rome and earlier of Egypt, but that very relentless resolution whilst it steeled the troops, struck fear into the hearts of the enemies of the two Empires. I was steadily absorbing the lore of the Drum.

Then came the Death and Funeral of King George Vi and I learned the effect of the muffled drums, and the solemnity of the muffled Base Drum and its slow beat.

 

After an indecent length of time, there came the Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Civic processions and military parades abounded as the English-speaking world determined that it would shake off the austerity and gloom of wartime and open the “new Elizabethan Age”! The drums were everywhere involved it was a drummers Paradise. But these drums marked nothing but joy, confidence and celebration.


                                                DRUM OF THE ROYAL MARINES

The world was changing rapidly. Thoughts of “jungle drums” became embarrassing reminders of the now unpopular “colonialism” – what had been pre-war a sign of glorious power, and at the same time called forth the concept of “noblesse oblige” was truly awkward and embarrassing. The former colonies were all in short order to become independent nations. They too were embarrassed by the fact of having been colonies and wanted nothing to do with memories or imaginings of “jungle drums” – if they had anything to say long distance they would use the telephone or telegraph.

 

All the while there was an entirely different type of drum at work. The United States was to bring many new influences to the world, and prominent among those was its own varieties of music. In the 19th Century through the compositions of John Philip Sousa new zest was brought to Military Band Music and the roles available to the drum in that time were very important. Quite a world apart from such military music however lively, was the evolution of popular band music . Here the drummer came to be a stand-out performer. No one was more successful than Gene Krupa (1909 – 1973) .His wild solo drumming performances in jazz music were immensely popular. Whereas drums had always had a powerful mental, spiritual and psychological effect, jazz drumming seemed more to relate to merely physical excitement.


                                                                    GENE KRUPA

Summing it all up, we can see that the impact of drums on man has always been at a  very basic level – a primitive level if you will – instilling fear, or awe or giving voice to grief, or exciting emotions of force, vigour, invincibility or terror of the perceived threat or the imagined unknown threat. Then, when all the banners and standards of honour and dignity were falling the wild abandon of the jazz drumming swept everything else away.                      ,                                                                                                                                               


All good fun!                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

Saturday, July 18, 2020

FINDING ANOTHER WAY : THE QUEST FOR POWER

PENNSYLVAIA RAILROAD CLASS T 1
We Have seen how an Australian Railway went about it http://butnought.blogspot.com/2020/07/conjugating.html and then how British and French Railways went about it http://butnought.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-friendship-of-giants.html, but we should not overlook that remarkable world of practice which is American Railroading in its heyday.

Just as Australian, British and French Railways experienced the demands of heavier trains and the need for greater speed, the Americans did so too, only more so in some ways.

American Railroads were of course not Government-owned. They were all companies and often direct competitors. They were blessed with historically larger loading gauges and frequently heavier built permanent ways.In many cases the density of population made possible things that could not even be dreamed of in Australia for example.

One of the outstanding Railway companies in the United States was the Pennsylvania Railroad whose famed symbol was the red Keystone which was emblazoned an all its locomotives. It had a proud tradition of extraordinarily successful locomotive design. This went back to the turn of the Century. 

The peak of development as the American Railroads came out of the early and the Civil War periods was the Atlantic type (4-4-2) Steam Locos. With their large driving wheels and ample fireboxes, they had boilers which could and did sustain very fast and relatively heavy passenger trains which grew in popularity. This growth, this success, led to the demand for more and heavier trains and thus double-heading became necessary. But this is always uneconomical given the doubling of crew sizes and it involves more complex practical arrangements. The requirement led to one of the greatest success stories of American railroading: the P.R.R. K4s Pacifics(4-6-2). It has been said that, at least at that time, steam locomotive design was more of an art than a science. Whatever the truth of that saying, the K4s were certainly masterworks! 


PENNSYLVANIA R.R. K4 Pacific
PENNSYLVANIA R.R. Pacific K 4  
(N.B. The red Keystone emblazoned on the Smokebox door.)

                                                                                                                                                                          No less than 425 of these splendid locomotives entered service between 1914 and 1928. They became, via the movies, the "face" of American railroading. They were still active until 1957 when steam operation on the PRR ceased. Two of them, nos.1361 and 3750 are preserved. By the time the 1930s arrived, trains had become so long and heavy that on occasions even K4s had to be double and even triple-headed. Clearly more powerful locomotives were required. The PRR was not shy about experimentation and, at the New York World's Fair in 1940 it had exhibited a streamlined duplex, 6-4-4-6 locomotive. This was, in operation, less than successful, and the T 1 design 4-4-4-4 shown at the beginning of this post was developed and brought into service. In 1942 two prototypes of these duplex locomotives were built and in 1946 the class of 50 in production began to come into service.They were remarkable locomotives generating 6,500 h.p. and a tractive effort of 64,653 lbs, and easily exceeding 100 mph. But times were a-changing and they were all withdrawn in 1952-3 and replaced by diesel locomotives in that era of cheap oil fuel. They were not without their operating problems notably slipping of the driving wheels.This has been traced to problems in balancing the springs and to lack of adequate driver training.

Passenger traffic was not the only pre-occupation of the PRR. Their freight services were also in need of greater power, and in 1944 they began taking delivery of the highly-successful Q2 Duplex  4-4-6-4 locomotives. Producing no less than 7,987 h.p. and 100,816 lbs.of tractive effort they were splendidly successful. Nevertheless, the economies of diesel operation in that low-cost fuel era, meant that all Q2s were withdrawn in 1951.

PENNSYLVANIA R.R. Q 2
                                                    PENNSYLVANIA R.R. Q 2 Class
                                                                                                                                                                       Though both claimed a pre-eminent position in the market, the PRR had long kept a steady eye on the New York Central Railroad, which had the distinction of operating the Twentieth Century Limited which was the country's best-known train and famous throughout the world. It's distinctively streamlined locomotives by Dreyfuss were striking. it operated between Chicago and New York - a distance of 958 miles at an average speed of 60 mph. The train was so popular that, at its peak, it ran in seven divisions. Mail carried by the  train bore a distinctive stamp impression.
                                                                                                                                                                                                            The TWENTIETH CENTURY LIMITED                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
                                                        New York Central Hudson 4-6-4
                                                         without the above streamlining.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           The Hudsons employed on the Twentieth Century Limited were said to be poor performers at low speed but superbly capable at high speed. All were withdrawn in the dieselisation rush and not one was preserved. In a particularly vindictive mode, the same was done to all PRR locomotives, the two Railroads having been amalgamated and the diesel obsessed management wanting no association with steam. The famed Twentieth Century Limited had been dieselised in 1945.

But the pinnacle of steam locomotive design on the New York Central was to be the "NIAGARA" Class of 4-8-4 locomotives Which were extraordinary in performance. They were designed to operate 6 days out of 7 without service and even then the service was carried out in the most exceptional manner in specialised facilities by men in some instances in asbestos padded suits cleaning the still hot fireboxes from the inside so that the locomotives almost never cooled off. The locomotives developed an exceptional 6,700 h.p. and a 61,568 lbs Tractive Effort. There were 27 in the Class and the last was decommissioned in 1956 - not one was preserved.
                                        NIAGARA CLASS LOCOMOTIVES 4-8-4

The same issues in locomotive design were addressed by the Norfolk & Western Railroad with particularly happy results. The company was heavily involved in the coal industry and was the last of the American railroads to succumb to the pressure to dieselise. In 1941 it introduced its streamlined J Class 4-8-4 s. These remarkable locomotives featured rather small driving wheels at 70 inches diameter (e.g. the NYC Hudsons were 79 inches and the PRR T1 was 80 inches..)
Nevertheless, they were no slouches when it came to speed and were capable of 111 mph. They were very powerful delivering 5,300 h.p. and a tractive effort of 
  84,981 lbs. There were 14 in the Class but only one is preserved, the famous 611. In their day they hauled the well-known trains in their region the "POWHATAN ARROW" and "POCAHONTAS


.                                 NORFOLK & WESTERN  J CLASS 611     4-8-4                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                SUMMARY

There is a lot to be considered in the design and construction of steam locomotives and I have tried here to give a brief sketch showing how the various issues have been addressed by some major operators. I have enjoyed doing it of course as I did in writing earlier http://butnought.blogspot.com/2017/04/horses-for-courses-even-apart-from.htmlI hope that my paltry efforts might move some folk to read further, or at least share in some passing fashion the joy I find in reflecting on the mighty achievements now past.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

Wednesday, July 15, 2020

THE FRATERNITY OF GIANTS

SIR NIGEL GRESLEY (1876-1941)

We are accustomed to certain concepts of British anti-French prejudice as being as reliable as if cast in steel. These ideas go back even centuries. And the more "Establishment" the British person is, the more lively the prejudice we expect.

Now in the pre-WW II era there was no mechanical engineer in England more celebrated than the great Sir Nigel Gresley. He was the Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London and North Eastern Railway (L.N.E.R.) and designer of many locomotives but of greatest note for his A4 Streamlined Pacifics especially their class member "MALLARD" at the time, the fastest steam locomotive in the world at 126mph, although Sir Nigel Gresley only accepted 125mph!


                                                   L.N.E.R. A 4  MALLARD


But the brotherhood of Mechanical Engineers exceeds the power of national prejudice. There was another, greater Mechanical Engineer in France: Andre Chapelon. Unlike Sir Nigel Gresley, this genius was relatively frustrated by his administrative superiors, and, unable to get approval to build many new locomotives according to his ideas, he had to content himself with re-building existing locomotives. This he did with remarkable brilliance, which was acknowledged by his peers around the world, but treated as an embarrassment by his superiors. Chapelon was among the earliest champions of a scientific approach to the detail of locomotive design and performance, which had up to that time, been largely pragmatic being based on trial and error -  evolution from previous practice.In 1925 Gresley was so impressed by what he read of  Chapelon's work that he went to France to visit him and consult him. When he returned to England he put in hand the experimental fitting of a Chapelon "Kylchap" exhaust system to an existing L.N.E.R. 4-4-0 "Derbyshire". In 1930 Chapelon visited England and rode the footplate of "Derbyshire". Unfortunately, Chapelon's plans had not been well followed and the system did not work as well as it ought. 

This was far from being their only collaboration. The conventional steam locomotive has a "fire tube boiler" that is, it is pierced with tubes which take the heat from the firebox through the surrounding water to the smokebox and exhaust through the chimney. The steam generated gathers atop the boiler in the steam dome and travels from there, via the valves, into the cylinders and then out through the valves to the exhaust, creating a draught which draws the heat from the firebox through the tubes. The faster the locomotive goes, the stronger the draught, the hotter the boiler and the more steam.It is a real demonstration of a virtuous circle. But in the mid-1920s Gresley began to consider the concept of a water tube boiler such as used in marine applications. This would have been the first variation from the essential principles formulated by George Stephenson in his splendid "ROCKET" in 1829. The motivation for considering this radical change was to obtain marked economies in fuel consumption which, in his latest high-speed trains was becoming a serious concern. 

                                                  Andre Chapelon (1892-1978)


Completed at the end of 1929, No.10000, as it was designated, was a 4-6-4 with a water tube boiler operating at 450 lbs psi. It had 6'8" driving wheels. Its unusual appearance gained it the nickname "the galloping sausage" from the engine crews. After running 70,000 miles it was brought into the workshops for a major overhaul. It seems that not a great deal could be said in its favour. Gresley consulted Chapelon whose reputation for improving locomotives was legendary. Chapelon was interested in the challenge. He recommended some highly technical changes related to superheating All of Chapelon's recommendations were followed, but No.10000 never did live up to expectations. In 1937 No.10000 was fitted with a conventional boiler and streamlined in the manner of the A4s.  George Stephenson RULES!


Judging by the photograph - and there are few of them on Google Images - M.Chapelon was not the sort of person to suffer fools gladly. Perhaps this offers a clue as to why his superiors were so determined to frustrate his brilliance.


                                                              S.N.C.F. No. 242. A. 1.


The finest example of Chapelon's genius is shown in the magnificent  SNCF (Societe Nationale Chemin de Fer - the French nationalised Railways) 4-8-4  No. 242.A.1 completed in 1946.It has been described as " the most outstanding steam locomotive that ever ran upon rails".(Col. H.C.B. Rogers O.B.E. in Express Steam Locomotive Development in Great Britain and France p 105) It produced 4,000 h.p. continually at the Tender drawbar at speeds from 50 to 75 mph.Even at low cut-offs it produced 3,800 h.p.

Books aplenty have been written about the achievements of these great locomotives and their designers. How different from our own times, those in the not so distant past, have become.